RESUMEN
Background: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of poultry affecting chicken of all ages. The causative agent IB virus (IBV) is a Gammacoronavirus within the family Coronaviridae. Viral genetic mutations and recombination events particularly in the spike protein (S1) of IBV constantly give rise to emerging IBV variants. Vaccination is considered as the most reliable approach for IBV control, but current vaccines have been found to be ineffective due to constant emergence of new variant viruses. Objective(s): The objective of our study was to detect IBV genotypes prevalent in Assam, India. Material(s) and Method(s): Oro-pharyngeal swabs and tissue samples from unvaccinated broiler chickens showing respiratory symptoms were tested using RT-PCR targeting the N gene of IBV. The virus was isolated from infected swab/tissue samples in 9 days old specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs through allantoic cavity route. Phylogenetic studies were done based on the S1 gene of IBV. Results and Conclusion(s): Clinically, the birds showed gasping and tracheal rales. Necropsy revealed distended ureters. Virus was isolated and identified by curling and dwarfing of the dead embryos and further confirmed by RT-PCR. Positive PCR amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis clustered the IBV isolate from Assam with genotype I lineage 1 IBV prototype sequence belonging to Beaudette and Mass 41 strains but the isolate exhibited a relatively high degree of sequence divergence with reference strains. Our findings suggest that the IBV isolate might have emerged from recombination with the local circulating virus or vaccine strains. This will have important implications for IB prevention strategies.
RESUMEN
The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying factors affecting marketing, marketing channels and analysing the marketing cost, margin, price spread, and marketing efficiency of farmers in the marketing of green chilies in Jorhat district of Assam. A sample of 80 farmers was selected using multistage stratified random sampling, and 30 market intermediaries were selected from the study area. Production was kept for home consumption, and the seed was one of the factors that indirectly affected the marketable surplus of green chili, significant at 1 percent. However, transportation costs of green chilies directly affected the markable surplus, significant at 10 percent. Among the two marketing channels identified, total marketing cost was low in channel I (124.06 per quintal) as compared to channel II (178.04 per quintal), signifying that marketing cost was low if the channel has lesser market intermediaries. The best channel for both producer and consumer was found to be channel I, in which producers receive the maximum share of consumers' rupee (77.06 percent), and consumers purchase the product at the low price 7700 per quintal. Marketing efficiency was found to be higher in channel I (3.36). The major constraint faced by the producers in the marketing of green chili was the low selling price that prevailed during the Covid-19 pandemic in the local and distant markets during the peak harvesting time. © 2022 Economic Affairs (New Delhi). All rights reserved.
RESUMEN
A pandemic is defined by World Health Organization as an epidemic that occurs worldwide, crossing international borders and typically affects a huge number of people. Their impact in terms of health, economic and social consequences is disastrous. There have been a number of significant pandemics recorded in human history but their frequency and impact of emerging and re-emerging diseases have increased over the last few decades. There is no doubt that the world is changing rapidly due to globalization, climate change, disease outbreaks and the pandemic has exacerbated the condition. COVID-19 has already been established as pandemic among human and several vaccines, medicines as well phytochemicals are already in the market as immunomodulator to protect this. It has affected day to day life and is slowing down the global economy. The livestock sector is also not untouched and resulted in hardships to millions of poor livestock keepers. But, whether this segment will be doomed forever depends on our various coping strategies. Keeping this in view, the current review has been written to highlight the impact of COVID-19 in animal health, phytochemical developments as well as various impact on livestock sector.
RESUMEN
The era of sudden eruption of the COVID-19 infection, since January 2020, drew much attention of the world due to its impact turning into a large-scale issue for all the countries, and thus an alarm of Corona Pandemic was declared all across, by February 2020. The same adverse effect was sensed by the middle of March 2020 in India too, when the declaration of total lockdown in the country was left as the only option which was implemented on 24th March 2020, by the Government of India. Such sudden development of hopes and apprehensions in the minds of all in India, sparked a thought of reducing the scope of spread of and infection due to this deadly virus to a considerable amount, mainly in the process of the exchange of various kinds of reading materials including books, by the students, in the post COVID-19 scenario.As a preparatory measure, this thought got converted into the development of a book sanitizer to be housed in the Library of the North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, on the initiatives shown by the Dy. Librarian, which led the authors, in My 2020 to take up the project of developing an appropriate device The objective was to generate a device which sanitizes the books and other hard form reading materials maintained in the Library and remains free from contamination of the Corona virus to the maximum. For that, a book sanitizing machine is developed in a span of nearly three months. The device, named as Automated Book Sanitizing Composite Machine (ABSCoM) works on the technique based on the principle of UV-ray irradiation, integrated with the thermal exposure of the books in a controlled manner. A special feature of automation is employed to monitor the parameters of critical temperature set for the exposure at which the SARS virus is reported to get destroyed. Additionally, the time of thermal exposure of book and the relative humidity level of each book in the stack of books loaded in the device for sanitization is also monitored through microcontroller system and a bell alarming component. Sufficient care for maintaining the quality of the book post sanitization, as original, is the additional key factor in developing this device. © 2021 IEEE.